The modification of the general relativity theory, means that not only time deforms in a gravitational field, but also distance and even matter. (read the previous chapter).

If for instance, time somewhere works relative half so fast, due to gravity, then also distances would be relative double so long, and even matter would change size.

If the Earth for example has expanded to twice the size the last billion years, we would not be able to measure it because the distances (as well as the meter stick) would had expanded proportionately.

Its sound unbelievable that the the inner heat flow of the Earth (convection) should have enough force to create mountains.

The cause of subduction between the continental plates has never been proven.  Its sound unbelievable that the the inner heat flow should have enough force to create mountains. 

This theory predicts that not only time is changing in a field of gravity, but also distances  this can explain the force responsible for subduction.

Based on the equation above, we can calculate the time as well as the distance "stretch-factor":

We can also calculate the time/distance stretch factor inside the Earth (See the table below)

When the Earth approach the Sun (by perihelion) the background gravity is changing (stretching).  Or in other words, the background space stretch-factor is changing (stretching further). 

Due to change of the stretched space background, also space inside matter is affected and hence also the meter stick.  But we are not able to discover that because everything is stretching/expands when approaching perihelion,  - also the meter stick is stretching and become relative "longer", - but one meter is still one meter.

Towards the inner central direction of the Earth, space is also gradually stretching increasingly when approaching perihelion. 

Because changing's  of the background gravity (by Perihelion) effects everything nearby proportional with the already existing stretch factor, -  the Earth also expands more in it's central area than at its surface.

How much the Perihelion of the Earth affect the inner expansion can be calculated as shown below.

This shows that the background gravity (or the background stretch factor)  of the Sun can cause the Earth to expand none-propositional, which mean more inside than at the surface. 

This also mean that the surface will crack at Perihelion, (circumference increase = 12,8 cm). Lava will flow up in the crack and cool down. When the Earth again is moving towards Aphelion it will contract, and this will put a pressure on the crust, forcing subduction to take place. .

Also the background gravity change caused by the moving Moon, play a role.

But the Earth is also expanding due to the expanding Universe, but this influence is almost insignificant.

Each time the Universe is expanding to the double size, the Earth also proportional to that expands to the double size, but since everything expands this parts can't be "observed". -  In additional to that the surface only expand 14 km. extra each time the Universe and the Earth expands to the double size.

The great canyon on Mars must, was caused when Mars was younger and warmer. Lave was also pressing the crust of Mars for a period.

Huge old frozen lava lakes inside the great canyon on Mars.

Image source  here

There is nothing to prevent the assumption that space between the elementary particles expands together with the expansion of the Universe.

When space inside and around the Earth changes, the relative size of the Earth will change too.